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Correspondence to Dorothy P. Nature Reviews Neuroscience thanks M. Freeman, M. Matteoli and A. Schaeffer for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Developmental elimination of elements that comprise a bona fide structural synapse presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membranes , which might also include some pruning of small branches of axonal arbors and dendrites, while remaining synapses are maintained and strengthened.
A process involving synaptic pruning by which spontaneous retinal activity drives presynaptic inputs from retinal ganglion cells to segregate and synapse in discrete, non-overlapping territories within the lateral geniculate nucleus during postnatal development. The loss of sensory input to one eye, typically performed by suturing one eye closed for a defined period.
A process by which monocular deprivation results in strengthening of synaptic inputs from the open eye and weakening and elimination of synapses corresponding to the sutured, deprived eye.
A process by which changes in neuronal activity, such as sustained low-frequency stimulation, induce a reduction in synaptic strength. A canonical highly regulated process of programmed cell death that occurs in multiple contexts, including during development, and involves membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage and DNA fragmentation.
Reprints and Permissions. Faust, T. Mechanisms governing activity-dependent synaptic pruning in the developing mammalian CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci 22, — Download citation.
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Subjects Cellular neuroscience Synaptic development. Because the strength of connections determines the activity of circuits. This study showed that the microglia were just modifying the synapse a little bit. But that little bit can have huge implications for the whole activity of the circuit. Microglia are moving all the time. Once we can better understand these signals, and the logic behind the pruning, we have the possibility of understanding how these cells help guide the brain as it develops.
Video from Weinhard, et al. Predicting the path of illness for someone diagnosed with schizophrenia is difficult because its origins are so varied. Dana Grantee Jong Yoon is developing imaging methods to tease out the cellular mechanisms of one potential cause: too much dopamine production. Using a machine learning model, researchers describe how excessive worrying can accelerate brain aging and cognitive decline.
Two reports suggest that neuromyths are more pervasive in the educational community than we might think, and this may work against academic achievement. We investigate some of the most common myths, explaining their scientific origins and realities. What is attachment and how does it form? A common misconception is that neurons that do not make the cut are defective.
Although some may indeed be damaged, most simply fail to connect to their chemically defined targets. In a series of brilliant studies performed during the latter half of the 20th century, researchers discovered how pruning works. Victorious neurons receive trophic, or nourishing, factors that allow their survival; unsuccessful neurons fade away in a process called apoptosis, or cell death. The timing of cell death is genetically programmed and occurs at different points in the embryonic development of each species.
For decades neuroscientists believed that neural pruning ended shortly after birth. But in the late Peter Huttenlocher, a neurologist at the University of Chicago, demonstrated that this excess production and pruning strategy actually continues for synapses long after birth. Using electron microscopy to analyze carefully selected autopsied human brains, he showed that synapses—the tiny connections between neurons—proliferate after birth, reaching twice their neonatal levels by mid- to late childhood, and then decrease precipitously during adolescence.
These changes at the synapse level cause neural restructuring that very likely has important consequences for normal and abnormal brain function. New York: W. Google Scholar. Kolb, B. Fundamentals of human neuropsychology 5th ed. New York: Worth Publishers.
Zillmer, E.
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