Contact: [email protected]. Author is professor in international law and global political studies, based in Vienna, Austria. Just released is his newest book Geopolitics — Europe years later. Get help with high prescription medicine costs. Sign in. Forgot your password? Get help. Password recovery. I need to get him penguinized!
Pensionize "No Pension? Peopleization : inhabitation; privatization; humanization; the degeneration of magazines towards the model of "People": In Sri Lanka, the term peopleization is popularly used to describe the popular participation process in privatization.
You also come away with an appreciation of how destructive the peopleization of Florida is to the natural resources. The basic idea of peopleizing your web is to humanize the net and recreate the sense of doing business with people you know something about, rather than faceless computers.
Peptonized : from the recommendation of chewing food until it is completely mush; It was always tamed and eating buns, as in the zoo, just as other ideas reached them peptonized by the columns of daily papers. Ames' Periodization Commemorated in painting, verse, and music, marked by monumental memorials, and used as the way points for periodization of history, they have enjoyed cultural afterlives. Permanentize : to make something permanent Japan and the United States should permanentize the strategic dialogue for jointly analyzing the military-oriented threats and risks by sharing the strategic intelligence, and researching the strategy and military readiness to deter and respond to these threats.
Across the street, there is a subdivision of off-white, permanentized double-wides that, rather obviously, began its career as a trailer park. Dave Hickey, Harper's Magazine, September Persianize : During my first years abroad - when I was in school in England and Switzerland, and later, when I lived in America, I attempted to shape other places according to my concept of Iran.
I tried to Persianize the landscape and even transferred for a term to a small college in New Mexico, mainly because it reminded me of home. Azar Nafisi, "Reading Lolita in Tehran". But of the principal ones in the region of Bengal, apart from Bengali, Hindi was pure Hindustani derived from Sanskrit, and Urdu was an Arabicized and Persianized kind of Hindustani.
Petascalization : the adaptation of computer algorithms and programs to the availabilty of clusters of processors which can, when used properly, produce numeric performance measurable in PetaFLOPS. Some Remaining Challenges: Efficiency Petascalization. From a scientific presentation by Roger Ghanem, 16 August Petrarchizing : Herself an irreproachable spouse, she never took lovers, heard Petrarchizing gallants with indifference, refused to take part in the cabals the former mistresses of the Viceroy formed amongst themselves, and singled out from among her entourage neither confidantes nor favorites.
Marguerite Yourcenar, "Two Lives and a Dream". Philippize : I know they set him up as a sort of oracle; because, with the best intentions in the world, he naturally philippizes and chants his prophetic song in exact unison with their designs.
Edmund Burke, "Reflections on the Revolution in France". Physicalize : to add gestures, actions and physical humor to an acting part.
Interviewed in a short feature about the Prairie Home Companion movie, Kevin Kline said: Garrison was very generous in allowing me to physicalize in any way I saw fit. Pilgrimizing : This supplementary programme also instructed the excursionists to provide themselves with light musical instruments for amusement in the ship; with saddles for Syrian travel; green spectacles and umbrellas; veils for Egypt; and substantial clothing to use in rough pilgrimizing in the Holy Land.
Pillarization : With the emergence in the 's of a Socialist party that sought to control the growing industrial working class, the pillarization of Belgium into liberal, Catholic and Socialist "families" was complete. Tony Judt, "Reappraisals". Plastic-Surgerize : to have a doctor slice, dice and resplice you so that you can imagine you're beautiful. The urge to plastic-surgerize that word exists in my dictionary, ok? A tummy tuck, lipo here and there, and even boob enhancements doesn't sound too bad as well.
Somebody stop me! Platformization : means that when you can't sell first-rate hardware, you sell combinations of your second-rate hardware that do something together: Platformization "means the convergence of computing and communications" says chief technical officer Patrick Gelsinger.
Technology Review, February Platonized : Aristotle became 'The Philosopher'. Unhappily, however, the philosopher was a pagan - a very, very smart pagan to be sure, a pagan platonized by some early interpreters, but a pagan nonetheless. Plebeianizing : The plebeianizing of Huxley's prose would be a long, dialectical process. Pornographized : Pop in is thoroughly pornographized and tattoo-demented. James Parker, The Atlantic, June Porno-ize : whose meaning must be inferred from a remark by Judith Regan, publisher, on why she expects a good deal of attention from the respectable press for a book she's publishing on the life of a porno star The culture has become much more porno-ized.
Pop Culture-ization : With the pop culture-ization of the fragrance aisle, it's hard to make a hit scent linger. PowerPointized : How do professors think? They think in highfalutin abstractions. They think in footnotes and references. Some think in hypotheses and theorems; some are always critiquing.
Others don't think at all: They just read old notes that they have PowerPointized. Pre-canonicalize : in computer science, there are cases where there are essentially many ways of "spelling" the same object, although a standard or "canonical" form has been chosen. To "canonicalize" data is to examine it, and replace each nonstandard item by its canonical representation.
To "pre-canonicalize" data is to do this in advance of the main computation. In that case, it would be worthwhile to pre-load and pre-canonicalize the entire dictionary. Problematize : a current academic fad of reading a text in a new and unnatural and tendentious way that opens up unharvested fields of idle speculation.
This word came up and was defined in the consideration of an analysis of "The Great Gatsby" in which it was argued that Jay Gatsby was a black man trying to pass himself off as white.
Productize : which I've frequently heard, used in the sense of turning something into a commodity; I listed to a lecturer who declared: IBM has not found a reason to productize this utility. David Foster Wallace, 'Everything and More'.
Provocatization "Incorporate. That's how you change shit, man. Not like this. This is just provocatization. Prussianize : Now he would have the entire Russian army submitted to such drill masters, and so Prussianized in good earnest.
Pubertize : Aaron's expectations for the future are basic. At Abingdon High he can opt out of gym for all but one year, giving him the opportunity to pubertize before again subjecting himself to locker room scrutiny.
Myla Goldberg, "Bee Season". Pushtunization : to replace people by ethnic Pushtuns. From a profile of Afghan president Hamid Karzai: Afterwards, Tajiks angrily accused him of having "Pushtunized" his administration by removing Northern Alliance men from their government jobs.
The New Yorker, 06 June Putinization : the hollowing out of the formally liberal political structure of a state: South Africa was becoming a de facto one party state, at great risk of what he called "Putinization".
Quakerize : Though Thomas Macy and most of the early settlers were not Quakers, Nantucket gradually became thoroughly Quakerized during the hundred years following their arrival. Peter Nichols, "Final Voyage". Radioize : to equip with a radio. I'm here to offer you an exciting opportunity to radioize your home, courtesy of the Triebig Electrotech Company.
Re-Bacherlorize : Corzine won't re-bachelorize us if court says 'I do' to equality. Rectangularization : in reference to human mortality. Historically, the survival curve was a rounded S shape. With improvements in health and safety, it is now roughly true that everyone stays alive until a certain age, when they all drop dead. As this becomes closer to the truth, the mortality curve becomes rectangularized.
Rectangularization of human survival curves is associated with decreasing variability in the distribution of ages at death. Reliabilize : Is there any other options I can do to reliabilize the router's wireless connection to the Internet and reduce the invisible connection drop? Adam Nicholson, 'Seize the Fire'. Repeasantization : It was a nostalgic daydream of repeasantization that Soviet farm executives often came up with when they talked privatization. Mark Kramer, "Travels with a Hungry Bear".
Republicanize : Initially, Bonaparte and the Directory's commissioner to his army, the inevitable Salicete, considered republicanizing all of Italy. Researchize : In Australia, there are too many conferences at which education practitioners researchize their practice. This is the sort of thing that does not impress our traditional physics colleagues who prefer to give credence to research-based work than to practice-based work.
As someone who has worked with the documents of both countries, I can attest that Washington has never de-secretized. Respectablized : Evelyn did not like the much respectablized version of his novel, but on the whole he remained indifferent to the enterprise which brought him some money. Christopher Sykes, "Evelyn Waugh: a Biography". Retrodigitization : is a marvelously manufactured word, which refers to the scanning, digitization, and posting on the web of books, newspapers and journals that were printed before the age of electronic publishing.
Imagine you publish a mathematical journal your local Mathematical Society very likely does and, surely, you accept some responsibility for that MS's actions. It seems the in thing to produce electronic versions of journals, and more, to go back and retrodigitize pre-TeX issues. Revirginized : Sure, Madonna, revirginized , popped out of her wedding cake in Can you re-virginize your hair? Rigidize : to make something rigid; this word was used in a presentation on the development of antenna structures that were made of a flexible material, folded up into a canister, shot into space, expanded, and then rigidized into a permanent configuration.
An implantable penile prosthesis comprising: at least one elongated cylinder adapted to be implanted within a patient's penis, said cylinder having a flexible distal end section for implantation within the pendulous penis which is constructed to rigidize upon being filled with pressurizing fluid, and a proximal, rear end section adapted to be implanted within the root end of the penis.
Robotization : The robotization of humans for medical purposes is in some respects already highly advanced. Roentgenized : illuminated by X-rays A poster designed for a contemporary Italian book on the wonders of science sets the mood; a woman with the menacing looks of a Belle Dame Sans Merci in the fin-de-siecle taste, looks out at us - one half of her as the eye beholds - the other half Roentgenized. Romanianize : The project to get rid of the Jews was intimately tied to the long-standing urge to Romanianize the country in a way that was not true of anti-Semitism anywhere else in the region.
Tony Judt, 'Reappraisals'. Romanized : transliterated to the Roman alphabet The Greek adjective that Fagles translates in part as 'burnt-out' can be Romanized as 'outidanos'.
Routinize : to make a thing part of one's routine; to make a thing seem unremarkable. There is a general need to routinize offering of HIV testing within the context of ongoing prenatal services.
Royalize : "Ere you were queen, ay, or your husband king, I was a pack-horse in his great affairs; A weeder-out of his proud adversaries, A liberal rewarder of his friends; To royalize his blood I spilt mine own. Rubblize : to reduce to rubble; "We don't want to rubblize this town", said Colonel McCoy.
Ruralize : He took her to Uzes where Racine had once come to ruralize , contemplate the priesthood, begin to write. A S Byatt, "Still Life". Russianised : The intellectuals who hope to see it Russianised or Germanised will be disappointed. Saffronization : After the election, the hashtags " victory" and " ModiWave" continued to trend on Twitter - along with " saffronization", a reference to the influence of right-wing political Hinduism on domestic policy saffron is the Hindu nationalist party color.
Atlantic Magazine, 15 March Sanskitized : 'Of course Karachi Urdu is really pure Delhi Urdu,' explained a judge, biting a pakora. Sardanopolized : He had renovated and Sardanopalized Johnson's truth, which had itself become so true that it lay bedridden in a multivolume collection of passe eighteenth-century moral essays. Nicholson Baker, "Essays and Other Lumber". Satanized : Now, since God is above employing cheap tricks of this kind, the occultists and Spiritualists more or less Satanize everything, whether they wish to or not.
They spent the past year being satanized by a conservative interim government. Amy Booth, Vice, 20 November Saucerized : Ross cut into the skin, under local anesthesia, just to the outside of the left nipple, then exposed three adjacent ribs and cut out short segments from them, thereby unroofing, or saucerizing , the empyema cavity.
Abraham Verghese, 'Cutting for Stone'. Saudization : the pretended effort by Saudia Arabia to induce its already heavily-subsidized citizens, via cash awards, to take the jobs that are now done by foreign workers. Scatterization : The task was daunting, but better calculated to defeat the Axis than penny-packet efforts around the globe that American planners called scatterization. Science-ised : At its birth eugenics was not a politicised science; it was a science-ised political creed.
Matt Ridley, "Gemone". Scientificize : The desire to scientificize connoisseurship was therefore as much about the desire to democratize it, to wrest it out of the hands of art experts.
Simpson imagined a conference in the year trying to scientificize the production of art masterpieces, attempting to specify the criteria for creation of the Mona Lisa, and establishing an institute to promote the more efficient production of great paintings. Scott Rosenberg, "Dreaming in Code".
So rather than give us the straight stuff, the CDC and Anderson Cooper and all the experts tiptoe around the inconvenient truth by medicalizing and scientific-izing the topic, perhaps trying to induce a high school science class type stupor. Ken Sepkowitz, Slate, 6 June Scientized : It is unknown, at this time, whether social decisionmakers are more persuaded by aggregated, scientized knowledge-claims.
He survived the days of tight-chested pain by writing a biography of the man who had scientized the liberal struggle, Charles Darwin. Scissorizing : an intellectually invested term for the simple feat of clipping something out of the paper. Sedentarization This policy of sedentarization deprived the herdsmen of their animals and thus of their means of supporting themselves.
Timothy Snyder, 'Bloodlands'. Sedenterized : Before Stalin sedenterized them, the nomads of Kazakhstan tended to move about 75 kilometres each way between their pastures. Selectorized : to be equipped with a dial that allows one to select the setting of a machine. Spotted on a banner advertising a gymnasium's new exercise machines: "Now with Selectorized machines!
Fritz Stern, "Dreams and Delusions". Serpentinization : Serpentinization is a process whereby rock usually ultramafic is changed, with the addition of water into the crystal structure of the minerals found within the rock.
Serpentize : That tiny change was enough to serpentize the mouse, to stop it from developing any limbs. Ed Yong, The Atlantic, 20 October Shakespeareanized : In some ways it can be seen as Bloom's unwitting endorsement of the New Historicist ideology he purports to detest: our culture has been so Shakespeareanized , so infused with Shakespearean concepts and characters that it produces Shakespeareanized humans where we know it or like it or not.
Ron Rosenbaum, "The Shakespeare Wars". What would Shiitization mean for the Middle East? The New York Times, 29 April Shylockized : And at one point in the midst of an argument with his close friend, and the director of the play, John Dexter, Wesker tells us in his disarmingly honest if confused book that, to his horror, he'd become Shylockized , one might say.
Douglas Coupland, "Microserfs". Sloganize : This is just like the Brown students I knew when I was there. Quick to rally and sloganize against the establishment, but slow to accept responsibility for their own actions or those of others in this case, the man who refused to show ID.
Snickerization : "We don't need all this garbage from the West. The television is filled with it. Nothing but advertising, sex, and violence. How does the Snickerization of the economy improve our lives? Snippetization : Alarmed by this brave new world? Go back and reread John Updike's essay in the Book Review lamenting Google's snippetization of literature.
The New York Times online. Softwarize : to simulate; to represent via software. In a sequencer, programming is done assuming the device actions are realized by a circuit. This means that the automated machine is controlled by a relay circuit and that the sequencer was developed to softwarize this.
I am a final year electrical engineering student and am doing the under-graduate project using JAVA where I plan to softwarize the Machine Lab.
Sonorized : Even when sonorized , as has happened here, they remain silent and somewhat frightening in their stunned aversion from thought. South Americanization : In the ongoing South Americanization of political culture north of the border, what has been dubbed the Revolt of the Generals is one of the feebler effusions. The New Yorker, 01 May Southernize Now that hockey has been thoroughly Southernized , the sport's routines and rituals are bound to change.
Mike Bianchi in his sports column in the Orlando Sentinel, 21 June , discussing the recent winning of the Stanley cup by the Carolina Hurricanes.
The increasingly- Southernized American Right has transferred the fundamentalist Protestant mentality from the sphere of religion to the spheres of law and the economy.
Michael Lind, Salon, 05 July Spaghetti-ize : to create, concatenate, or modify computer code in such a way that the underlying logical structure is utterly obscured. In fact, it is possible to make more use of subroutines than is appropriate, and to spaghetti-ize your code by losing all sense of what is going on by sending execution through level after level of unnecessary subroutine calls.
Spamize : to mark an email address as the source of spam that should be ignored; Spamize his email address right away. PM me for help doing this. With phone, caller id from London, don't answer. Spoonerize In a spoonerism two consonant sounds in a word or phrase are transposed, creating new words. In this puzzle, one third of the clues 12 must have their answers spoonerized before entry in the grid. Stationize : Nowadays, the best Material Handling practices enable shipyards to stationize personnel and minimise the use of less efficient material handling schemes.
Statisticization : Whatever outlandish sexual act you could imagine, someone somewhere was doing it. This led to the charge that Kinsey was perpetrating what we might call the statisticization of morality. The New York Times Book Review, 21 January Stepfordize : to replace an independent or unruly wife by a docile sexually submissive automaton. Bette Midler, a costar of the remake of "The Stepford Wives", is quoted in "Entertainment Weekly" as saying: I don't believe guys who say they wouldn't Stepfordize their wives for a second!
Studentize : a statistical procedure related to something known as "Student's T test". We studentize primarily to determine the scale of the test statistic. Subitization : the rapid, automatic determination of the number of a small group of objects, from Latin subitus , meaning "sudden", coined by a psychologists Kaufman, Lord, Reed and Volkmann in Overall, we found that children who were classified as low math skill did not appear to subitize arrays of objects.
Subvehicularization : In a campaign that has made common practice of subvehicularization , also known as 'throwing under the bus', even the smallest impropriety is cause for concern. Christopher Bearm, Slate Magazine, 13 July Sundance-ize : in a review of New York's fringe festival: The professionalizing, or Sundance-izing of the Fringe has been a concern for the entire life of the festival. The New York Times, 11 August Surgerize : to carry out surgery on; His take on allergies, which often leads to chronic sinus issues, was to treat with prescription medications and then surgerize the area.
Once in the surgery suite, he would irrigate the sinuses because as he said, 'Dilution is the solution to pollution'. Surgicalized : to have undergone so much plastic surgery as to be noticeably artificial, perhaps even repulsively so; Women who never felt they had ugly breasts or unsightly vaginas before are increasingly disgusted with themselves as they measure themselves against surgicalized , airbrushed bodies. Thus, my aversion to the misnomer "uncircumcised.
This particular label implies a deference to the unnatural, surgicalized state. Surroundize : to modify an audio signal in such a way that it can be used in a "surround-sound" system: Also, there's a plug-in for WinAmp that can surroundize your stereo music. It processes the sound, and outputs it through all your channels Syphilised : We all have the republican spirit in our veins, just as we have the pox in our bones. We are democratized and syphilised.
Charles Baudelaire. Tabloidize : to make a sensational or lurid story suitable for a tabloid newspaper. Salman Rushdie was quoted on 09 March , moaning: The tabloidization of my life has been a very ugly thing. Talibanize : to implement the reactionary policies favored by the Taliban in Afghanistan. The MMA's unexpected victories intensified fears that Talibanization was creeping its way across the land.
The Talibanisation of Somalia? The Economist, October Tammanyizing : At tomorrow's plebescite this grandiose and excessively dangerous Tammanyizing of the country will come to judgment, with the chances, as I have said, in favor of its ratification. H L Mencken, 2 November Targetization : Policy makers have described the program as a rationalization or targetization of Iran's vast and inefficient subsidies system, but some analysts fear it could increase living costs for millions of middle and low income households.
The New York Times, 20 December Tartanized : Robert found the new tartanized image of his country [Scotland] strange. Bella Bathurst, 'The Lighthouse Stevensons'. Techno-scientized : I begin by considering how lifelong learning has been conceptualized in a techno-scientized information society. Teflon-ize : Writing about Sarah Palin in Newsweek last month, I pointed out the crude way in which she tried to Teflon-ize herself when allegations of weird political extremism were made against her.
Christopher Hitchens, Slate, 07 December Tenementized : "Dawn's building had been tenementized and was dilapidated," said Trembath. Edward Ball, "Peninsula of Lies". If you didn't musterbate, then you wouldn't awfulize , terribilize , catastrophize , say "I can't stand it," and put yourself down. Jeffrey Mishlove, interviewing psychologist Albert Ellis. Thatcherization : As you can see, the first images are the same, except in the one on the right my eyes and mouth have been individually inverted this process is called - yes, really - thatcherization.
Phil Plait, Slate, 22 October Theatricalize : to rework or rethink a story in a way that will make it suitable for presentation on the stage, something like what happens when a play becomes cinematized , so to speak.
The New York Times, 17 June He theatricalized the Cassie-Zach situation; he worked a lot on that aspect. Theaterize : The place is still used for worship services, so no attempt has been made to theaterize it.
Jack had become so therapized that he policed everyone else in the house. Robert Kolker, 'Hidden Valley Road'. Thesaurusize Apparently, guileful students are thesaurusizing cut-and-paste plagiarism to fool both their professors and anti-cheating software such as Turnitin. Rebecca Schumann, Slate, 14 August Compare -ism , -ist , -ization. Some words ending in -ize have been widely disapproved in recent years, particularly finalize first attested in the early s and prioritize around Such words are most often criticized when they become, as did these two, vogue terms, suddenly heard and seen everywhere, especially in the context of advertising, commerce, education, or government—forces claimed by some to have a corrupting influence upon the language.
The criticism has fairly effectively suppressed the use of finalize and prioritize in belletristic writing, but the words are fully standard and occur regularly in all varieties of speech and writing, especially the more formal types. The British spelling, -ise, is becoming less common in British English, especially in technical or formal writing, chiefly because some influential British publishers advocate or have adopted the American form -ize.
Z - not a native letter in Old English; in Anglo-French words it represents the "ts" sound e. Anglo-French fiz, from Latin filius, modern Fitz ; from late 13c. Let's look at the French angle first, and then have a quick look at early printing. There were really two French Connections, the Norman one from , and a later fashion for French in England in the thirteenth century.
And it should be remembered that during nearly all of this time, the really posh language was neither English nor French, but Latin. Although we got some loan words from Norman French, especially in the field of religion and religious architecture, linguists believe the second period to have had a greater effect on the English language.
We seemed to have got the words beef and mutton , for example, not from the Normans, but from 13th century French. This was a time when Paris represented the peak of European culture. Here's David Crystal:. But it was a new kind of French, learned in a new kind of way. The Anglo-Norman variety, which had been the mother-tongue of the power-wielding class after the Conquest, had by this time virtually died out, to be replaced by a more prestigious variety, the language of the French court This was the key to social advancement.
French was also replacing Latin as the language of official documents; parliamentary records were in French. It wouldn't be till that Parliament was addressed in English. In any case, the Ngram graphs suggest that the real rise in the use of the -ise variant wouldn't come till much, much later, in the mid-to-late eighteenth century.
Was French posh then? That's the important question. The early days of printing Caxton brought printing to England in In fact, this was the very time that English was replacing French as the prestige language in England. As for the Anglo-Norman aristocracy, they were long gone, and if French had ever been thought posh, it had had very little to do with them. Many of the early printers adopted a form of English known as Chancery Standard. Quite a few documents from the period in this form are available free online and might be worth looking at.
But as the -ize variant seems to be have continued its dominance for another couple of centuries, I don't think early printers can have had much to do with it. Books Introduction Google Books is an excellent resource, but has a couple of problems. As most of the books have been digitized in the States, you have to make sure you find a British published edition, and as near as possible to the original publication date, as fashions change and -ze might get changed to -ise and vice-versa.
The second problem is that it allows for exact word search only. So for out of copyright books, I do my preliminary search on Project Gutenberg, looking for -ized and -ised words only. This is much quicker than going through every instance of -ise and -ize. There are links near the end of this post to most of the examples I've found so you can check for yourself. Middle English covers the period between the late 12th and the late 15th centuries and corresponds roughly with the era of the Plantagenet kings — It is largely pre-printing, as Caxton introduced printing to England in Interestingly he also spells the following with a ' z ' as well: advise, wise, surprise, devise.
From the early seventeenth century, the master works are of course the King James Bible and Shakespeare. There are variations on about thirty verbs, including such delights as annothanize, eterniz'd, infamonize, monarchize and sluggerdiz'd as well as the more standard authorized, solemnized, merchandized, sympathized and canonized. In both the King James Bible and Shakespeare, -ize endings are used throughout. From the later part of the century we have Pepys' Diary, which has a few examples of -ize verbs.
Milton's Paradise Lost has three verbs with -ize spellings - tyrannize, evangelize and eternize. He also spells enterprise and surprise as enterprize and surprize. As far as I can see, John Bunyan uses only one - authorize , again with a ' z ' ending. The picture from the seventeenth century, therefore, is one of total domination by -ize , as we might have expected from what we've already seen.
Gulliver's Travels, first published in , had a few instances of 'civilized' and one of 'familiarized'. These appear to have had -ize endings in the original. In an edition of , some have remained with a Z , some have changed to S. Samuel Johnson published his famous dictionary in NB Update I had initially only found three. Johnson uses apostrophes to mark stressed syllables, and these have been included in the digitised version, making search a bit difficult. Interestingly even Johnson gets a bit confused, listing characterize but using characterize in a definition.
In one early version I looked at the following were listed with an S : realise, recognise, dastardise There are also plenty of examples of the French -ise type verbs. Sterne's Tristram Shandy of heralds a change. Sterne includes words like subtilized, soliloquized and genteelized as well as the more commom baptized and civilized. French-based -ise verbs also appear with a Z: surprized, apprized.
The nineteenth century seems to have been in many ways the heyday of the -ise ending. Nearly all the British published books of the period I've been able to find favour the -ise ending.
It seems that especially in the nineteenth century, many of the greatest works of literature in English first saw the light of day with -ise endings. Of course we don't know if that was the authors' choice or something dictated by the publishing houses. But in one case we can get a good idea, because the author and publisher were one and the same person, Charles Dickens, who published his novel Hard Times in his own magazine - Household Words.
And on the first page we find the word emphasised. One thing is clear. Whether they ended with -ize or -ise , these suffix verbs were much slower to appear in English than the group of French -ise verbs like surprise, disguise and chastise , which are quite common in earlier works like Shakespeare and the King James Bible.
It seems the that Horne's suggestions that -ise endings ' took hold in comparatively recent years ', or that the use of -ize endings ' overwhelmingly predominated until the Second World War ' are not quite accurate. For much of the nineteenth century, -ise endings predominated, and it was just before the Second World War that -ize made a comeback.
Magazines The Internet Library of Early Journals has searchable collections from five different British eighteenth and nineteenth century magazines. I've looked at three. This is what the ILEJ say about them:. Annual Register started in , an annual survey of European and world events from a British perspective, but including biographical notices, parliamentary and legal reports, and some book reviews, divided into topical sections with chronological sub-divisions.
Collection spans Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine started in as a Tory rival to the Whig Edinburgh Review , a medium for imaginative literature, publishing English poetry, essays and especially prose fiction, and pioneering the presentation of European literature particularly German to a British audience. Notes and Queries started in , "a medium of intercommunication for literary men, artists, antiquaries, genealogists, etc.
Blackwood's seem to have had an open policy, and here -ise variants are by far the majority. I suspect that Notes and Queries had an -ise house policy. Here we have two of the most important literary and cultural magazines of the nineteenth century, where -ise endings are obviously predominant. This simply supports the evisence we have from book publishing. What's the position today? The media A quick check with Google shows that most British newspaper, including all the qualities, and the BBC seem to use -ise endings, The Guardian and The Economist specifying them in their style guides.
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